Problem Statement Of Telecom Technologies

Problem Statement Of Telecom Technologies The history of telephony took birth in 1876 when Graham Bell succeeded in making first ever voice transmission; then we observed 1st public cellular phone in 1946 and the introduction of the very first commercial mobile network in 1992. Weve been moving forward, making great discoveries all along, making innovations in different technologies, disciplines and life styles. 1992 was a start of the speech transmission now which stands as a perfect master piece of art and is ready to take a jump into the hyper connectivity. We have jumped into a BW hungry population which have ensued in overturning the technologies and the mobile telephony is no exception to that. Infact data requirement now explicates major revenue pours in any modern mobile network, so we are always hunting for methods to heighten and step-up the data rates. From the infancy mobile networks in 1992 grew to a developed network into the 2nd Generation then 2.5th Generation networks. Then we observed a transition from GSM technology to UMTS or WCDMA. That was called as 3rd Generation Technology. 1.2 Problem Statement Progression in telecom technologies has become an unavoidable phenomenon. Telecom markets are reshaping themselves into 3G networks. 3G UMTS/WCDMA licensing and spectrum auctioning has happened in all the major markets including the developing economies similar to Pakistan. There are almost over 405 million UMTS/WCDMA subscribers in 320 networks in over 130 countries. This number is growing at an exponential pace as more and more networks embrace this technology. However, Pakistan has unfortunately delayed the 3G licensing and spectrum auction now for over 3 years and is lagging behind in offering broadband and other consumer oriented EM (electronic mobile) applications such as health, education, commerce, video conferencing over its mobile networks. While, the importance of 3G licensing is a key aspect from the consumer point of view but an early adoption by the operators could have resulted in less capex and opex today since most of the sites especially in the larger cities are for providing excess Voice Data capacity which could have been avoided by deployment of 3G networks While, some of the operators are still resisting the 3G licensing but most of them have shown this resistance due to likely higher Spectrum Fee being envisaged by the Government for 3G. The Operators are of the view that the spectrum should be offered at cheaper tariff so that investment goes into infrastructure and not licensing. The other issue confronting the regulator and policy makers is whether to open up the process to new players or limit the auction to only the existing operators. To Identify and Analyse Impediments of 3rd Generation Telecommunication Technology to Develop Remedial Measures for its Early Deployment in Pakistan 1.3 Objectives of Thesis To study Mobile Wireless Technologies To Study and Analyze Market and Consumer Requirements for 3G To Study and Analyze the current Telecommunication Policies, Rules and Regulations with regards to the adoption and implementation of Technologies To identify Impediments (Issues and Challenges) in deployment 3G (Conclusions) To present Measures and Recommendations for early deployment of 3G in Pakistan 1.4 Significance of Research Due to consistent and unwavering growth patterns Pakistan Mobile Industry has achieved land mark of 100 million subscribers at the end of July 2010. In order to make the sector more efficient in utilizing the telecom resources, PTA has implemented the infrastructure sharing SOPs, which will not only make the operators more efficient but also would give them huge cost saving and reduce environmental hazards in the country. The much awaited 3G licensing is just around the corner, where all the necessary work has been completed and the Authority is waiting for a policy by the Government of Pakistan to initiate the licensing process. In continuation to its efforts PTA has been arranging seminars on 3G for creating awareness about the 3G services and to foresee and discuss the challenges that the industry may face with the introduction of 3G services. 3G is known as Third generation telecommunication technology as specified in the ITU standards. Unveiling of this technology has chipped in a new driving force to the mobile concepts. It now extends the user, a broad array of facilities. The most significant among them is the efficient use of the spectrum. Ameliorated efficiency in the system has bestowed upon the availability of broadband internet in the cellular phone. This remarkable invention has also made it possible to accomplish extended wireless telephony, broadband internet and video calls in the cell phone. Strictly speaking, the 3G technology has overturned the requirements to make it a complete, compact device by providing multifaceted applications. Using internet on the 3G phone has established a new attribute to the all-pervasive internet usage. The 3G technology has successfully attained faster service facilities. Development of a website or making a blog is now simpler then ever before. Desktops, due to its static nature have certain limitations. While mobile phone could accomplish the same result as its similitude, it was a good change for the consumers. Impact of this new technology in the cell phone sphere will be satisfying. Mobile phone industry is functioning in a superb competitive environment. By use of this technology, the user can browse internet and find an online dealer to purchase the products. Other fields that have profited from this technology are; online entertainment, messaging, news and security. 1.5 Limitations of the Research Though Officials of PTA were very accommodative and provided with the thorough and comprehensive information about upcoming 3G technology but all was an unofficial version moreover they were hesitant to provide with the definite PTA policy on the adoption of 3G. Due to rivalry and cutthroat competition among the Mobile Telecom Operators, access to their information regarding up gradation or operational readiness of 3G infrastructure was somewhat inaccessible. 1.6 Research Methodology 1.6.1 Phase 1 Initially Problem was identified, Despite having second highest teledensity, Pakistan is the only country left in the region to deploy 3G Technology 1.6.2 Phase 2 In the second phase it was compulsory to get to know about the 3G technology right from the scratch to learn its economics over the existing technologies. We studied the architecture of the mobile networks of all the technologies from 1G to 3G consulting the web (thanks to the web inventors), the published white papers and the Books on Wireless Technology. 1.6.3 Phase 3 In this phase we paid visits to PTA, FAB and the Mobile Operators, and were able to get unofficial version of their views regarding deployment of long awaited 3G technology in Pakistan. Moreover we pondered over the case studies of different countries who adopted 3G technology. Example in hand is India. 1.6.4 Phase 4 While studying the international trend towards 3G we made a compared the statistics of the market and consumers of Pakistan and more over had a look into the concerns of the regulatory body and the mobile operators. 1.6.5 Phase 5 We then analysed the situation and came up with certain issues / concerns of the government, the mobile operators and the consumers. A solution representing remedial measures have been highlighted, following which will address the issues and create a roadmap for early adoption of 3G technology as there is lot of potential for the operators as well the government to earn fortune. 1.7 Structure of the Thesis Introduction (Chapter-1) In this chapter Introduction and Background along with significance of research, limitations and methodology has been highlighted. Literature Review (Chapter-2) In this chapter Mobile Wireless Technologies including 3G have been thoroughly deliberated upon with an over view on technologies beyond 3G. Analysis and Discussions (Chapter-3-6) In these chapters Consumer Market and Regulations have been dwelled upon to find out the impediments delaying the adoption of 3G in Pakistan. Epilogue (Chapter-7-8) In these chapters we have put across recommendations to the Government and the Operators to address the issues highlighted and pave a smooth way to adoption of the next generation telecommunication technology.

Audit Staffing Memo Essay

I first wanted to thank you for congratulating me on my recent promotion; I look forward to working with you on the new Apollo Shoes engagement. I have read all the information you sent me about Apollo Shoes to gain a better understanding of the company, and I feel like I have a firm grasp of the company structure and environment. After reviewing the company’s last three board of directors meetings, I determined what expertise would be necessary to carry out the audit on Apollo Shoes. If you can assign these staff to our audit team, the productivity and effectiveness of the audit will increase significantly. The first staff member that would be greatly helpful to our audit team would be an information technology specialist. In the board meeting held on June 30, the board authorized up to $1.2 million for the purchase and installation of a new information system. However, to fund the purchase and pay other expenses, the board authorized a draw of over $44 million, which seems v ery excessive. Having an IT specialist will help us determine the total cost of installing a new information system and bring light to why the board drew over $44 million to fund the purchase. Another staff member that would be helpful to our audit team would be a property, plant, and equipment specialist. Despite authorizing the purchase of equipment totaling $1.3 million in January of 2014, the equipment was still not set up during the January 2015 board meeting. A property, plant, and equipment specialist could help us determine the accounting implications of purchasing the equipment in 2014 and still not having it set up in 2015, as far as depreciation and cost recognition are concerned. Quite possibly the most important staff member that we will need on our audit team is a lawyer or legal expert, for a variety of different situations. The first and most glaring situation that will need to be addressed is the board advancing $1,250,000 directly to Mr. Lancaster to cover personal legal expenses for his secretary. Recording it in other receivables instead of employee advances and drawing a check directly to Mr. Lancaster set off a red flag for us and we would like a legal expert to look further into the situation. Another situation that will need the attention of a legal expert is a class action suit that was brought against Apollo Shoes for gross negligence and violation of warranty for $12,000,000. A legal expert could help us  determine the probability that Apollo Shoes will lose the case. The company does not have insurance to cover these types of actions, so losing this case could have huge implications on their cash balances. One of the last situations we would like the legal expert to look into was the retroactive declaration of dividends in January of 2015. At that board meeting, they approve to declare the dividends in the previous year, which we are not sure is allowed, so a legal expert could give us better insight into the situation. These three specialists seem to be the most necessary staff members after reviewing all of the company’s board meetings, and they will be of substantial help if you could assign them to our audit team. If I determine that I need any additional staff support in the future, I will let you know throughout the audit process.

Culture And The Culture Of Immigrants - 984 Words

Culture/pg. 34: the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next. In the video documentary called Wetback, the culture of immigrants was very thoroughly seen. All of them struggle to find work at their home country, and they want nothing more than to provide for themselves and their family. They manage to live off of very little, but it is not enough and is obviously not the best way to go through life. Because of this, the culture of the immigrant is created. People of all ages and each gender make the decision to migrate to other countries such as the U.S. in hopes of finding a better paying job in order to send money back to their families. This would also be known as a better life to most of them. The idea of not worrying about if they will eat tomorrow sounds heavenly to them, and if there is a chance that they may find that somewhere else, no matter how dangerous, they will take it. Their culture is based off of poverty and hopes of finding a better life for the people surrounding them. Every parent works as hard as they can for their childà ¢â‚¬â„¢s education, but sadly a lot of the people are not able to afford it. Because of these awful living conditions and non-beneficial outcomes, many people are forced to take on the tough, dangerous, and terrifying journey to another country in hopes of a better lifestyle. Unfortunately, their culture experiences terrible things, fromShow MoreRelatedImmigrant Influence On Culture And Society1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe melting pot better describes American society because the cultures have blended together and became more accepting of each other. 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Character Of Elizabeth In Pride and Prejudice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 771 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Pride and Prejudice Essay Did you like this example? Elizabeth is an interesting individual not because she is a natural beauty and possesses almost all of the qualities that a man wants but because she wants to marry for love and not money. Elizabeth does have flaws however, one being that when she doesnt want to listen or believe something or someone, she pretends she doesnt understand what the facts are and is very stubborn once she dislikes someone. Elizabeth first meets Mr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Character Of Elizabeth In Pride and Prejudice" essay for you Create order Darcy at a ball and because of his poor manners, and expectations of women, she automatically takes a dislike to him. However, throughout the novel, Elizabeth becomes more intrigued with Mr. Darcy and eventually sees a different side of him. There are many incidences in the story that show Elizabeths dislike for Darcy because of his pride starting with their encounter at the ball, Wickhams opinions and accusations of Darcy, and her refusal of his proposal; however, Elizabeth begins to see a new side of Darcy and couldnt think of living a life without him by the end of the book. When Elizabeth first encounters Darcy at the ball she is very displeased and disappointed with his lack of agreeableness and pride. Elizabeth notices how Darcy barely danced four dances when there were more women than men at the ball and that to her was a sign of him being too proud to dance with girls of a lower social status than him. She then hears him saying to his friend Bingley how Elizabeth is tolerable but not pretty enough to intrigue him. This is a great offense to Elizabeth and she vows to herself that she will never dance with Mr. Darcy. Although Elizabeth catches him staring at her at the ball she things it not to be a compliment but that he is criticizing her. Elizabeth then takes interest in a new, handsome man named Wickham who she shares a dislike for Darcy as well. Wickham goes on to telling Elizabeth a lie about Darcy how he is a cruel man who stole Wickhams inheritance. Although Wickham has no proof of Darcy doing such things, Elizabeth still believes him because of her past with Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth also finds out that Darcy is discouraging Bingley to marry Jane, (her sister) and she thinks it is because he doesnt want his friend to marry a girl with such a low income. Mr. Darcy honestly thought that Jane did not truly love Bingley nad he only wanted what was best for his friend but Elizabeth is quickly to judge him. Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth and Elizabeth begins to feel bad about having to reject him but sees how he is talking about not wanting to love her but it happened. She sees how he is too prideful and declines him boldly. Elizabeth then moves on to see Darcys estate and is in for a surprise. Elizabeth goes to Darcys estate after her rejection of his proposal with her aunt and uncle, thinking Darcy is not there. Unfortunately, she bumps into him and feels very ashamed because it looks as if she is throwing herself at him. Elizabeth is surprised at how delightful, and polite Darcy is to her, her Aunt, and her Uncle. Darcy even introduces Elizabeth to his sister. Elizabeth also hears a great deal about Darcy from his housekeeper who raised him as a child. She talks only of lovely, and flattering compliments of Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth begins to see how she was too hasty in her decision to judge Darcys full character after only knowing him for a few short days. She knows that she was being prejudice towards Darcy and began to regret her rejection of his proposal after visiting his estate. Elizabeth then falls in love with Darcy and is engaged to him by the end of the book. Pride and Prejudice shows the foolishness in society, the greed, the social aspects of it, the pride, and the prejudice of England in the early 1800s. Darcy began to see his pride and Elizabeth began to see her prejudice. It is foolish to judge others based on their appearance, on what you are told of them before meeting them, and their money. Jane Austen shows the aspect of Pride and Prejudice throughout the book with sarcasm, irony, and cliches. This was a beautiful book which inspired many women to be themselves and stand up for what they believe in. this novel has many incidences of Elizabeth judging Darcy including the meeting at the ball, Wickhams accusations of him, her rejection of the proposal, nad her beginning to see who he truly was.